Hybrid electrical switching device

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a hybrid electrical switching device, comprising an electromechanical relay including a mechanical switching element to be operated by an electrical coil, and a main semiconductor switching element including a control input and a current conduction path which is connected in parallel with the mechanical switching element for energizing an electric load. The main semiconductor switching element is of the type that ceases to conduct when a current through the current conduction path thereof drops below a threshold value. The circuit furthermore comprises an auxiliary semiconductor switching element including a control input and a current conduction path which is connected for controlling the main semiconductor switching element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

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THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

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INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC orREFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a hybrid electrical switching device,comprising an electromechanical relay with a by means of an electricalcoil operational mechanical switching element and a main semiconductorswitching element with a control input and a parallel with themechanical switching element connected current conduction path.

2. Description of Related Art

A device of this kind is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,354.

The term hybrid electrical switching device is derived from thecombination of a mechanical switching element and a semiconductorswitching element.

The known switching device operates such that when the mechanical relayis operated, the parallel to the mechanical switching element connectedsemiconductor switching element is simultaneously brought in itsconducting state. Since the semiconductor switching element is faster inits conducting state than the mechanical switching element, the electricload being switched by the switching device is switched on faster ascompared to a similar electromechanical relay without aparallel-connected semiconductor switching element. In other words, thesemiconductor switching element eliminates the influence of the pull-inor switch-on delay of the electromechanical relay.

By placing the semiconductor switching element in its conducting statenot only upon switching on, but also upon switching off of themechanical relay, damaging of the contacts of the mechanical switchingelement caused by arcing and sparking is reduced, which furthermoreeffects a significant reduction of the power dissipation of theswitching device as a whole.

However, the known hybrid electrical switching device has a number ofinherent drawbacks.

In the case of an insufficiently conducting mechanical switchingelement, for example due to aging and/or fouling of the switchingcontacts thereof, but also in the case of failure of the mechanicalswitching element when a load is switched on, a part or even the entireload current will be able to flow through the semiconductor switchingelement for a relatively long period of time. In order to prevent thesemiconductor switching element from being damaged, it must bedimensioned sufficiently “heavy”. That is, at least equal to the maximumload current of the electric load to be switched with the switchingdevice.

The known switching device further requires a fairly extensive controlcircuit, in which the semiconductor switching element furthermore needsto be of an optically controlled type. Since the coil of the mechanicalrelay is connected in series with a part of the control circuit, thisswitching device is not naturally suitable for controllingelectromechanical relays with coils suitable for usual voltages as theyare used in electrical installations for households and the like, i.e.with a typical voltage of 230 V.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a hybrid switchingdevice which is suitable for switching power consumers in electricallow-voltage supply networks with an inherent protection against damageto the semiconductor switching element in the case of a non-functioningor poorly conducting mechanical switching element and with a relativelysimple control circuit built up of a small number of components.

The invention is characterized by an auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement with a control input and a connected current conduction path forcontrolling the main semiconductor switching element.

By means of an auxiliary semiconductor switching element according tothe invention for switching the main semiconductor switching element onand off in a controlled manner, it can be effectively prevented that themain semiconductor switching element is damaged by the load current of aconnected load in the unhoped-for event of failure of the mechanicalswitching element of the relay when the relay is being switched on.

If the switching device according to the invention is connected to ACvoltage, switching can take place on zero crossings of the AC voltagevia the auxiliary semiconductor switching element, for subsequentlybringing the main semiconductor switching element in its conductingstate. By simultaneously operating the electromechanical relay themechanical switching element will, after the pull-in or switch-on delayof it, close and take over the current through the current conductionpath of the main semiconductor switching element. As a result, thecurrent through the main semiconductor switching element will fall belowthe threshold value at which the main semiconductor switching elementceases to conduct. In the unhoped-for event of failure of the mechanicalswitching element, the current through the main semiconductor switchingelement will likewise fall below the threshold value on the next zerocrossing after the main semiconductor switching element has beenswitched on, as a result of which the main semiconductor switchingelement will cease to conduct. By arranging that the control input ofthe main semiconductor switching element will no longer be operated bythe auxiliary semiconductor switching element from that moment, thecurrent flow through the load is stopped. Consequently, the mainsemiconductor switching element is only loaded for half a period of theAC voltage, as a result of which insufficient heat to cause damage tothe main semiconductor switching element can be developed therein.

When a current through a connected electric load is switched off, theauxiliary semiconductor switching element will be switched on again on azero crossing of the AC voltage, as a result of which the mainsemiconductor switching element will conduct again. By simultaneouslyswitching off the electromechanical relay, the current through themechanical switching element will, upon opening thereof, be taken overby the main semiconductor switching element. Definite switching off ofthe current will take place then, when the current through the mainsemiconductor switching element drops below the threshold value at whichthe main semiconductor switching element ceases to conduct. Also in thiscase it will be seen that the main semiconductor switching element willbe operated for only a part of half a period of the AC voltage.

Since the main semiconductor switching element can be brought into andout of its conducting state in a controlled manner by means of thecircuit according to the invention, the semiconductor switching elementneed not to be dimensioned heavy enough to withstand the maximum loadcurrent of the switching device for a shorter or longer period of time.It will be understood that this is advantageous, both with regard to theoverall cost of the switching device and with regard to the volume ofthe circuit, which makes it quite suitable for miniaturisation.

In connection with this miniaturisation aspect, another embodiment ofthe switching device according to the invention has the control input ofthe main semiconductor switching element connected to a voltage dividercircuit, which is connected in series with the current conduction pathof the auxiliary semiconductor switching element. The voltage dividercircuit can be simply made up of a first and a second series-connectedresistor, to the junction of which the control input of the mainsemiconductor switching element is connected.

The use of a bistable relay according to another embodiment of theinvention readily makes it possible to combine the switching thereofwith the control of the auxiliary semiconductor switching element, sothat switching on and off of the mechanical switching element and themain semiconductor switching element that is connected in paralleltherewith can be realised in a synchronized manner.

The bistable relay may be monopolar or a bipolar type of relay.Monopolar bistable relays have this characteristic that they switchindependently of the polarity of the applied energizing voltage. Bipolarbistable relays switch to the one or the other stable position independence on the polarity of the applied energizing voltage.

In the preferred embodiment of the switching device according to theinvention, the coil of the electromechanical relay is connected inseries with the current conduction path of the auxiliary semiconductorswitching element. This embodiment is suitable for directly controllingelectromechanical relays with so-called mains voltage coils, i.e. coilswhich can be connected directly to the electrical low-voltage supplysystem. This circuit is of very simple design, and consequently it issuitable for applications in which only little space is available foraccommodating the switching elements.

According to yet another embodiment of the switching device according tothe invention, it is also possible, if desired, to use a monostableelectromechanical relay whose mechanical switching element occupies astable position in the non-conducting state thereof, wherein the relaycoil is connected in series with the current conduction path of a thirdsemiconductor switching element, such as a transistor. Preferably, thecontrol input of the transistor is connected to the control input of theauxiliary semiconductor switching element for switching purposes, so asto enable synchronised control of both the main semiconductor switchingelement and the monostable relay.

In a switching cycle for switching an electric load on and off by meansof the hybrid electrical switching device according to the invention,comprising a monopolar bistable electromechanical relay, wherein theauxiliary semiconductor switching element is of the type which ceases toconduct when a current through the current conduction path thereof dropsbelow a threshold value, and wherein the switching device is connectedto AC voltage, a first control pulse is supplied to the control input ofthe auxiliary semiconductor switching element on a first zero crossingof the AC voltage for bringing the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement in its conducting state, after which a second control pulse issupplied to the control input of the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement on a selected second zero crossing of the AC voltage followingthe first zero crossing for bringing the auxiliary semiconductorswitching element in its conducting state again.

In yet another switching cycle for controlling the hybrid electricalswitching device according to the invention for switching a connectedelectric load on and off, comprising a bipolar bistableelectromechanical relay, wherein the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement is of the type which ceases to conduct when a current throughthe current conduction path thereof drops below a threshold value andwherein the switching device is connected to AC voltage, subsequently ona first zero crossing of the AC voltage, following which the AC voltagehas a predetermined first polarity, a first control pulse is supplied tothe control input of the auxiliary semiconductor switching element forbringing the auxiliary semiconductor switching element in its conductingstate, after which on a selected second zero crossing of the AC voltagefollowing the first zero crossing, whereupon the AC voltage assumes asecond polarity opposed to the first polarity, a second control pulse issupplied to the control input of the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement so as to cause the auxiliary semiconductor switching element toconduct again.

Bipolar bistable electromechanical relays have this advantage that thestable switching position thereof is determined by the polarity that theapplied AC voltage assumes upon application of a control pulse. That is,the application of a control pulse followed by, for example, a positivepolarity of the AC voltage will at all times lead to theelectromechanical relay being switched on, whilst the supply of acontrol pulse in response to which the AC voltage assumes a negativepolarity will at all times lead to the electromechanical relay beingswitched off.

As a result of the short operating period of the relay coil, theresistors connected in series with the relay coil that may be used willhardly heat up, which makes it possible to use relatively low-capacityresistors having small physical dimensions. Furthermore, this makes itpossible to use low-voltage relay coils comprising a series resistor,because the energizing current of the relay will only pass through theresistor for a brief period of time, so that the resistor need not havea large capacity or, in other words, may be small in size. When aresistor-voltage divider connected in series with the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element is used, low-capacity resistors havingsmall physical dimensions can be used, in view of the relatively shortenergizing time of the auxiliary semiconductor switching element.

Yet another switching cycle for controlling the hybrid electricalswitching device according to the invention for switching on and off aconnected electric load, wherein the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement is of the type which ceases to conduct when a current throughthe current conduction path thereof drops below a threshold value andthe electromechanical relay is a monostable relay whose control circuitis connected to DC voltage, and wherein the rest of the switching deviceis connected to AC voltage, comprises a first control pulse supplied tothe control input of the auxiliary semiconductor switching element forbringing the element in the conducting state on a first zero crossing ofthe AC voltage supply, wherein the coil of the electromechanical relayis simultaneously energized via the control circuit for bringing themechanical switching element thereof in its conducting state, and thesupply of a second control pulse to the control input of the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element on a second zero crossing of the ACvoltage following the first zero crossing for the purpose of bringingthe auxiliary semiconductor switching element in its conducting state,wherein the energizing of the coil of the electromechanical relay is atthe same time stopped via the control circuit for the purpose ofbringing the mechanical switching element thereof in its stable,non-conducting state.

This manner of controlling the switching device according to theinvention has a threefold effect. Firstly, the influence of theswitch-on delay of the mechanical relay on the switching on of aconnected electric load is reduced significantly on account of the factthat the main semiconductor switching element reaches its conductingstate almost immediately after the first control pulse, as a result ofwhich the connected electric load is energized, in which the occurrenceof the so-called “inrush-current” effect is effectively prevented byhaving the switching take place on a zero crossing of the AC voltage.

Secondly, since the main semiconductor switching element ceases toconduct on the next zero crossing of the AC voltage, i.e. in the caseof, for example, a 50 Hz AC voltage already after 10 msec, the mainsemiconductor switching element is effectively prevented from beingdamaged by the load current of a connected load in the unhoped-for eventof the mechanical switching element failing upon being switched on.

Thirdly, due to the fact that the main semiconductor switching elementis switched off relatively quickly, an oxide skin that may be present onthe switching contacts of the mechanical switching element will burn offbefore the mechanical switching element has definitively closed thecurrent path to the load. In this way, the aforesaid drawbacks of theprior art regarding poorly or insufficiently conducting mechanicalswitching contacts are effectively prevented.

Since the electromechanical relay is controlled synchronously with theauxiliary semiconductor switching element, the switch-off procedure willtake place analogously to the above-described switch-on procedure, inwhich the occurrence of arcing and sparking when the mechanicalswitching element is switched off is prevented on account of the factthat switching takes place on a zero crossing.

Since the auxiliary semiconductor switching element ceases to conduct onthe next zero crossing of the AC voltage, as a result of which thecontrol of the main semiconductor switching element drops out, thelatter will cease to conduct again on the next zero crossing, that is,when the current through the main semiconductor switching element dropsbelow the threshold value at which the main semiconductor switchingelement ceases to conduct. That is, an induction voltage through themain semiconductor switching element is effectively suppressed afterminimally 10 ms and maximally 20 msec already in the case of an ACvoltage of 50 Hz, for example, because the main semiconductor switchingelement takes over the load current during the sudden currentinterruption of the mechanical switching element, until the load currentdrops below the threshold value of the main semiconductor switchingelement.

Since the hybrid electrical switching device according to the inventionrequires only a handful of simple components, which by no means need tobe dimensioned to withstand relatively large currents, the switchingdevice according to the invention is particularly suitable forapplications in which miniaturisation, reliability and safety are ofmajor importance.

Consequently, the invention provides an electrical connecting device forremovably connecting an electric load, comprising a hybrid switchingdevice as set forth in the above, which is connected such that themechanical switching element is connected in series with a connectedelectric load. In particular, the invention comprises an electricalconnecting device in the form of a so-called wall socket, in particulara wall socket for use in electricity networks, such as low-voltagesupply systems for household appliances and the like.

By not energizing the electromechanical relay during the switching ofthe auxiliary semiconductor switching element and the main semiconductorswitching element, i.e. by maintaining the electrical switching elementthereof in the switched-off, non-conducting state, the switching deviceaccording to the invention can also be used for varying the amount ofelectrical energy that is supplied to a connected electric load, forexample, when the switching device is used as a dimmer for a connectedlighting element.

Consequently, the invention also provides an electrical switching devicecomprising a main semiconductor switching element including a controlinput and a current conduction path for energizing an electric load,which main semiconductor switching element is of the type that ceases toconduct when a current through the conduction path thereof drops below athreshold value, characterized by an auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement including a control input and a current conduction pathconnected for controlling the main semiconductor switching element. Thiselectrical switching device can inter alia be used in an electricalconnecting device for detachably connecting an electric load, for thepurpose of controlling the amount of electric power that is suppliedthereto.

In addition to being suitable for ohmic loads, the hybrid electricalswitching device according to the invention is also suitable forswitching capacitive as well as inductive loads on and off.

The invention will be explained in more detail hereinafter by means of apreferred embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 shows an electric circuit diagram of an embodiment of the hybridelectrical switching device according to the invention.

FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show signal waveforms for illustrating a switching-onand off cycle for controlling an electric load connected to theswitching device according to FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 shows an electric circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment ofthe hybrid electrical switching device according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Although the invention is illustrated by means of a preferred embodimenthereinafter, it should be understood that additions and alterationsthereto are possible without departing from the inventive principleunderlying the present invention.

Numeral 1 indicates the electrical coil of an electromechanicalmonostable relay comprising a mechanical switching element 2. Themechanical switching element 2 comprises a stable position, this is theposition of the switching element 2 in the non-conducting state, i.e.the switched-off state thereof. The switching element 2 is brought inits conducting state, i.e. switched on, by energizing the coil 1. In theswitched-on state of the switching element 2, a current circuit isclosed from a first supply terminal 4 to a second supply terminal 5, viaintermediate load terminals 6 and 7 and a load 8 connected between theload terminals, which is shown in the form of a lighting element in thediagram by way of example. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatany load can be connected between the load terminals 6 and 7.

A first or main semiconductor switching element 10 comprising a currentconduction path 11 is connected between the first supply terminal 4 andthe load terminal 6. The current conduction path 11 of the mainsemiconductor switching element 10 is thus effectively connected inparallel with the switching element 2.

The main semiconductor switching element 10 comprises a control input 12which is connected to the central branch 14 of a voltage divider circuit13. In the illustrated embodiment, the voltage divider circuit 13consists of a series circuit consisting of a first resistor R1 and asecond resistor R2.

According to the invention, in series with the voltage divider circuit13 a second or auxiliary semiconductor switching element 15 is connectedby its current conduction path 16. In the illustrated embodiment, thecurrent conduction path 16 of the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement 15 is connected between the voltage divider circuit 13 and thesecond supply terminal 5. The auxiliary semiconductor switching element15 furthermore includes a control input 17.

In the illustrated embodiment, the control input 17 of the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element 15 is connected to a first control inputterminal 18 of the switching device via a resistor R3. A second controlinput terminal 19 of the switching device is connected to the secondsupply terminal 5.

A control circuit 20 is provided for energizing the coil 1 of themonostable electromechanical relay, which circuit comprises a thirdsemiconductor switching element 21. In the illustrated embodiment, thethird semiconductor switching element 21 consists of an NPN transistor,in the main current conduction path of which the coil 1 is connected.The control input of the transistor 21 is connected to an input terminal24 via a resistor R4. The coil 1 and the main current conduction path ofthe transistor 21 are connected between supply terminals 22 and 23 forthe purpose of applying a DC voltage V for energizing the coil 1. Thoseskilled in the art will know that the transistor 21 can be brought inits conducting state by presenting a positive voltage U_(r) between theinput terminal 24 and the supply terminal 23 of the control circuit 20.

The first and the second semiconductor switching element 10, 15 arepreferably in the form of a triac, but each semiconductor switchingelement can also be exchanged for two thyristors connected inanti-parallel, whose control inputs are interconnected. The operationand further characteristics of a triac or a thyristor are assumed to beknown to those skilled in the art and require no further explanation.

The operation of the circuit as described and shown will be illustratedhereinafter on the basis of the graphical signal waveforms as shown inFIG. 2. It is noted that the signal waveform in FIG. 2 is merelyillustrative and of a theoretical nature. For this reason, exact valuesof the amplitudes and switching times are not included in the figures.

U_(n) represents an AC voltage signal on the first and the second supplyterminal 4 and 5 which is sinusoidal in time T, for example an ACvoltage of 230 V having a frequency of 50 Hz, as is usual in electricallow-voltage supply systems for household appliances and the like. In thecase of an assumed frequency of 50 Hz, the period time T of thesinusoidal AC voltage U_(n) is 20 msec.

U_(i) represents a trigger signal supplied on control input terminals18, 19, comprising a first positive (in relation to the second supplyterminal 5) trigger pulse 30, which starts with a first zero crossing 25of the AC voltage U_(n).

The trigger signal U_(i) furthermore comprises a second positive controlpulse 31, which coincides with a selected second zero crossing 26 of theAC voltage U_(n) following the first zero crossing, all this asillustrated in FIG. 2. The operation of the circuit according to theinvention is as follows.

A control signal U_(r), indicated by numeral 32, is applied to the inputterminal 24 of the control circuit 20 together with the trigger pulse30. The control signal 32 brings the transistor 21 in its conductingstate, as a result of which more current will flow through coil 1 andthe mechanical switching element 2 will be switched on after a certainswitch-on or pull-in delay t_(i). This results in the flow of a currentis, as is indicated in FIG. 1.

The first trigger pulse 30 brings the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement 15 in its conducting state. The conduction of the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element 15 will be accompanied by a current flowthrough the voltage divider circuit 13, as a result of which the controlinput 12 of the main semiconductor switching element 10 will beenergised and the main semiconductor switching element will likewise bebrought in its conducting state. A current 1T will flow to the load 8connected to the terminal connecting point 7 via the current conductionpath 11 of the main semiconductor switching element 10.

Since the main semiconductor switching element 10 is brought in itsconducting state practically simultaneously with the application of thefirst trigger pulse 30 in the circuit according to the invention, thecurrent 1B will also start to flow practically directly upon applicationof the first trigger pulse 30. As a result, the switch-on delay of theswitching device as a whole is practically eliminated.

When the switching element 2 reaches its conducting state, that is, themoment a current is starts to flow, the current through the mainsemiconductor switching element 10 will fall below the threshold valueand the main semiconductor switching element 10 will cease to conduct.All this as illustrated in FIG. 2. The load current 1B will fully flowthrough the switching element 2 of the electromechanical relay in thatsituation.

In FIG. 2 it has been assumed that the pull-in or switch-on delay timet_(i) of the electromechanical relay amounts to less than a half periodT of the applied AC voltage U_(n). As a result, a further trigger pulseon the zero crossing 27 of the AC voltage U_(n) that follows the zerocrossing 25 directly is not required. This will generally be the casefor an AC voltage U_(n) having a frequency of 50 Hz. If the switch-on orpull-in delay time t_(i) of the electromechanical relay amounts to morethan a half period T, it will be apparent that the main semiconductorswitching element 10 must be in its conducting state during the nexthalf period or periods.

As the natural delay time of a relay is known, the trigger pulse for theauxiliary semiconductor switching element can be delayed by about 10 msbefore the mechanical switching element actually closes. Depending onthe variation in the delay time, one or more trigger pulses can beapplied.

The procedure for switching off the current 1B through the load 8 is asfollows.

On a further zero crossing to be selected, for example the zero crossing26 following a random number of whole or half periods of the AC voltageU_(n), a trigger pulse U_(i), indicated as the trigger pulse 31 in thefigure, is supplied to the control input 17 of the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element 15 anew. The trigger pulse 31, incombination with the switching-off of the control signal U_(r) 32, willcause the energizing of the coil 1 to be interrupted.

The trigger pulse 31 will cause the main semiconductor switching element10 to conduct in the manner such as described in the foregoing withreference to the trigger pulse 30. As a result of the energizing of thecoil 1 being stopped, the switching element 2 of the electromechanicalrelay will be brought in the switched-off state after a certainswitch-off or dropout delay to, as a result of which the current is willgo to zero. Since the main semiconductor switching element 10 has beenbrought in its conducting state, the current 1B through the load 8 willbe taken over by the main semiconductor switching element 10, that isi_(T)=i_(B). This is indicated by numeral 33 in FIG. 2. Since the mainsemiconductor switching element 10 is of a type that ceases to conductwhen the current i_(T) drops below a threshold value, which is alsocalled cold current in the case of a triac or a thyristor, the mainsemiconductor switching element 10 will cease to conduct at the firstzero crossing 28 of the AC voltage U_(n), as a result of which nocurrent 1B will flow through the load 8 any more, either. Since theauxiliary semiconductor switching element 15 is no longer driven to fulloutput, the load 8 is effectively switched off.

In this example it has been assumed that the load 8 is an ohmic load.This is not necessary, however. The circuit according to the inventionis also suitable for switching off capacitive or inductive loads 8, inwhich the current through the load is switched off on a zero crossing atall times. In the foregoing it has been assumed that the switch-off ordropout delay time to of the electromechanical relay amounts to lessthan a half period of the connected AC voltage U_(n) again. If this isnot the case, the current 1T through the main semiconductor switchingelement 10 must be maintained for one or more next half periods bypresenting a trigger pulse U_(i) to the control input 17 of theauxiliary semiconductor switching element 15 each time.

Also in this case it applies that, owing to the delay of the relay, thetrigger pulse for the auxiliary semiconductor switching element can bedelayed, with one or more trigger pulses being applied in dependence onthe variation in the delay.

Since the mechanical switching element 2 takes over the current of themain semiconductor switching element 10 upon switching on, and since themain semiconductor switching element 10 takes over the current throughthe mechanical switching element 2 upon switching off, there will be noarcing or sparking at the mechanical switching element 2, which has apositive effect on the life of the switching contacts thereof.

Since the main semiconductor switching element 10 is already switchedoff after the first half period of the AC voltage signal 25, an oxideskin that may be present on the switching contacts of the mechanicalswitching element 2 will automatically “burn off” upon operation of themechanical switching element 2. As a result, the contacts will remain inan optimum conducting condition.

Instead of being provided with a monostable electromechanical relay, theswitching device according to the invention can also be advantageouslyprovided with a bistable electromechanical relay comprising a switchingelement including a stable switched-off position and stable switched-onposition.

In FIG. 5, a preferred embodiment of the switching device comprising abistable relay is illustrated. The coil 3 of the bistable relay isconnected in series with the current conduction path 16 of the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element 15 via a resistor R5. All this isarranged such that when the auxiliary semiconductor switching element 15reaches its conducting state, current can flow through the coil 3, as aresult of which the switching element 2 of the bistable relay willswitch over to another position.

Those skilled in the art will see that the coil 3 of the bistable relaycan also be switched on via an intermediate circuit, for example yetanother semiconductor switching element, which is controlled via theauxiliary semiconductor switching element 15.

FIG. 3 graphically represents a switching cycle for a so-calledmonopolar, bistable relay, that is, a bistable relay whose switchingelement 2 changes over to another position irrespective of the polarityof the current that flows through the coil 3.

By bringing the auxiliary semiconductor switching element 15 in itsconducting state by means of a first trigger pulse U_(i) 35, not onlywill the current i_(T) start to flow, but the coil 3 of the bistablerelay will be energised at the same time. After the switch-on or pull-indelay time t_(i) thereof, the switching element 2 will be switched on,as a result of which the current 1T will be taken over by the mainsemiconductor switching element 10. In FIG. 3, it has been assumed thatthe first trigger pulse 35 is started on a zero crossing 25 of the ACvoltage U_(n).

The current i_(B) through the load 8 can be switched off again bypresenting a second trigger pulse U_(i) 36 on a selected further zerocrossing 26 following the zero crossing 25. As a result, the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element 15 is brought in its conducting stateagain and current starts to flow through the coil 3 of the bistablerelay. As a consequence, the switching element 2 will be switched to itsstable, switched off position, albeit after the elapse of the switch-offor dropout delay to thereof. Also in this case it obtains that uponinterruption of the switching element 2, the current i_(S) will be takenover by the main semiconductor switching element 10, which is in itsconducting state, as is indicated at 37. The main semiconductorswitching element 10 will cease to conduct again on the next zerocrossing 29 of the AC voltage U_(n), because the current i_(T) dropsbelow its threshold value. Also in this case, it has been assumed thatthe load 8 is an ohmic load, without a phase shift occurring between thevoltage and the current thereof.

Since it has been assumed in FIG. 3 that the bistable relay is amonopolar relay, the second trigger pulse 36 can be started on a zerocrossing, after which a positive or negative half period of the ACvoltage U_(n) follows.

FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a switching cycle that occurs when thebistable relay is a so-called bipolar type relay. A bipolar, bistableelectromechanical relay has this characteristic that the switchingelement 2 thereof only changes over to another position when the currentthrough the coil 3 of the relay flows in a specific direction. In FIG. 4it has been assumed that the switching element 2 switches on during apositive half period of the AC voltage U_(n), and that the switchingelement 2 switches off with a negative half period of the AC voltageU_(n).

The operation of the circuit comprising a bipolar, bistable relay is infact identical to the operation of the monopolar, bistable relay asshown in FIG. 3, with this understanding that switching off, that is,the supply of a second trigger pulse 39 to the control input 17 of theauxiliary semiconductor switching element 15, takes place on a zerocrossing 26, after which a negative half period of the AC voltage U_(n)follows.

The advantage of using a bipolar, bistable relay is that the stablestate of the mechanical switching element 2 is known implicitly bysuitably presenting a control pulse of a specific polarity. That is, inthe example as assumed, a trigger pulse 38 during a positive half periodof the AC voltage U_(n) causes the switching element 2 to switch on,whilst a trigger pulse 39 during a negative half period of he AC voltageU_(n) will at all times cause the switching element 2 to be switchedoff. In other words, it is not necessary to know or to detect thehistory, or the current switching state of the switching element 2 forbringing the switching element 2 in a specific stable state.

As a result of the relatively short time during which current flowsthrough the coil of the bistable relay 3, the resistor R5 that isconnected in series therewith can be designed as a relativelylow-capacity unit, because the resistor will hardly heat up. This makesit possible to keep the physical dimensions of the resistor R5relatively small. This also applies to the resistors R1 and R2 of thevoltage divider 13, both when used with a bistable relay and when usedwith a monostable relay.

Since the circuit according to the invention requires only a handful ofcomponents, which by no means need to have a high-capacity, on accountof the method that is used for controlling the circuit, this circuit isparticularly suitable for miniaturisation purposes, as a result of whichit can be used in electrical connecting devices for detachableconnection of an electric load, such as a wall socket for use in, forexample, electricity systems for household use, that is, using a usualvoltage of 230 V AC voltage.

Although the invention has been explained by means of a preferredembodiment of the circuit in the foregoing, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that additions and modifications thereto arepossible without departing from the inventive concept underlying theinvention as defined in the appended claims.

1. A hybrid electrical switching device, comprising: anelectromechanical relay including a mechanical switching element to beoperated by means of an electrical coil; a main semiconductor switchingelement including a main control input and a main current conductionpath connected in parallel with the mechanical switching element forenergizing an electric load through a current circuit between a first ACsupply terminal and a second AC supply terminal, wherein the mainsemiconductor switching element ceases to conduct when a current throughthe main current conduction path thereof drops below a threshold value;an auxiliary semiconductor switching element including an auxiliarycontrol input and an auxiliary current conduction path connected forcontrolling the main semiconductor switching element, wherein theauxiliary semiconductor switching element is configured to switch to aconducting state in response to a control pulse received at theauxiliary control input, and the auxiliary semiconductor switchingelement ceases to conduct when a current through the auxiliary currentconduction path drops below a threshold value; a voltage dividercircuit, series-connected with the auxiliary current conduction pathbetween the first AC supply terminal and the second AC supply terminal,and wherein the main control input is connected to a branch of thevoltage divider circuits and the control pulse is of a duration shorterthan a half-cycle period of an AC signal applied at the first and secondAC supply terminals.
 2. A hybrid electrical switching device accordingto claim 1, wherein the voltage divider circuit includes a first and asecond series-connected resistor, to a junction of which the maincontrol input is connected.
 3. A hybrid electrical switching deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the electromechanical relay is a bistablerelay with a first and a second stable switching position of themechanical switching element, wherein the electrical coil of theelectromechanical relay is connected for directly energizing theelectromechanical relay by the auxiliary current conduction path.
 4. Ahybrid electrical switching device according to claim 3, wherein theelectrical coil of the electromechanical relay is connected in serieswith the auxiliary current conduction path.
 5. A method for controllingthe hybrid electrical switching device according to claim 3, comprising:a bipolar bistable electromechanical relay, wherein the switching deviceis connected to an AC voltage, wherein a switching cycle for switchingon and off the electric load successively comprises, on a first zerocrossing of the AC voltage, supplying a first control pulse to theauxiliary control input for bringing the auxiliary semiconductorswitching element in its conducting state, and on a selected second zerocrossing of the AC voltage following the first zero crossing, supplyinga second control pulse to the auxiliary control input for bringing theauxiliary semiconductor switching element in its conducting state.
 6. Amethod for controlling a hybrid electrical switching device according toclaim 3, comprising at least one of a monopolar bistableelectromechanical relay and a bipolar bistable electromechanical relay,wherein the switching device is connected to an AC voltage, wherein aswitching cycle for switching on and off the electric load successivelycomprises on a first zero crossing of the AC voltage, following whichsaid AC voltage has a predetermined first polarity, supplying a firstcontrol pulse to the auxiliary control input for bringing the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element in its conducting state, and on aselected second zero crossing of the AC voltage following the first zerocrossing, following which said AC voltage has a second polarity opposedto the first polarity, supplying a second control pulse to the auxiliarycontrol input for bringing the auxiliary semiconductor switching elementin its conducting state.
 7. A hybrid electrical switching deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the electromechanical relay is amonostable relay whose mechanical switching element occupies a stableposition in the non-conducting state thereof, and with a control circuitfor energizing the electrical coil.
 8. A hybrid electrical switchingdevice according to claim 7, wherein the control circuit comprises athird semiconductor switching element with a control input and a currentconduction path connected for energizing the electrical coil.
 9. Ahybrid electrical switching device according to claim 8, wherein thethird semiconductor switching element is a transistor.
 10. A hybridelectrical switching device according to claim 8, wherein the auxiliarycontrol input and the control input of the third semiconductor switchingelement are operatively connected.
 11. A method for controlling thehybrid electrical switching device according to claim 7, wherein themonostable electromechanical relay and the control circuit thereof areconnected to DC voltage, and a remaining part of the switching device isconnected to an AC voltage, wherein a switching cycle for switching onand off the electric load comprises, on a first zero crossing of the ACvoltage, supplying a first control pulse to the auxiliary control inputfor bringing the auxiliary semiconductor switching element in itsconducting state, and simultaneously by the control circuit, theelectrical coil of the electromechanical relay is energized for bringingthe mechanical switching element thereof in its conducting state, andwherein on a second zero crossing of the AC voltage following the firstzero crossing, a second control pulse is supplied to the auxiliarycontrol input for bringing the auxiliary semiconductor switching elementin its conducting state, and wherein simultaneously energizing of theelectrical coil of the electromechanical relay by the control circuit isceased for bringing the mechanical switching element thereof in itsstable non-conducting state.
 12. A hybrid electrical switching deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the main semiconductor switching elementand the auxiliary semiconductor switching element are embodied each asat least one of a triac and two anti-parallel connected thyristors. 13.An electric connecting device for detachably connecting an electricload, comprising: a hybrid electrical switching device according toclaim 1, which is connected such that during use the mechanicalswitching element forms a serial chain with a connected electric load.14. A hybrid electrical switching device according to claim 1, whereinthe voltage divider circuit is connected at one end to the first ACsupply terminal and at another end to the auxiliary current conductionpath.
 15. An electric connecting device for detachably connecting anelectric load, comprising: a hybrid electrical switching deviceaccording to claim 1, which is connected such that during use themechanical switching element forms a serial chain with a connectedelectric load, and wherein said electric connecting device having a formof a wall socket for use in electricity grids.
 16. An electric switchingdevice, comprising: a main semiconductor switching element including amain control input and a main current conduction path connected inparallel with the mechanical switching element for energizing anelectric load through a current circuit between a first AC supplyterminal and a second AC supply terminal, wherein the main semiconductorswitching element ceases to conduct when a current through the maincurrent conduction path thereof drops below a threshold value; anauxiliary semiconductor switching element including an auxiliary controlinput and an auxiliary current conduction path connected for controllingthe main semiconductor switching element, wherein the auxiliarysemiconductor switching element is configured to switch to a conductingstate in response to a control pulse received at the auxiliary controlinput, and the auxiliary semiconductor switching element ceases toconduct when a current through the auxiliary current conduction pathdrops below a threshold value; a voltage divider circuit,series-connected with the auxiliary current conduction path between thefirst AC supply terminal and the second AC supply terminal, and whereinthe main control input is connected to a branch of the voltage dividercircuit, and the control pulse is of a duration shorter than ahalf-cycle period of an AC signal applied at the first and second ACsupply terminals.
 17. An electric switching device according to claim16, wherein the voltage divider circuit includes a first and a secondseries-connected resistor, to a junction of which the main control inputis connected.
 18. An electric connecting device for detachablyconnecting an electric load, comprising an electric switching deviceaccording to claim 16, which is connected such that during use, the mainconduction path forms a serial chain with the connected electric load.19. An electric switching device according to claim 16, wherein thevoltage divider circuit is connected at one end to the first AC supplyterminal and at another end to the auxiliary current conduction path.